​Neurodiversity: A Conceptual Overview

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The term neurodiversity was coined by Australian sociologist Judy Singer in the late 1990s to describe the natural variations in human brain function and behaviour. It challenges the traditional medical model, which views conditions like autism, ADHD, and dyslexia as deficits, instead recognising them as part of the normal spectrum of human diversity (Singer, 2020). This perspective advocates for acceptance and inclusion, promoting the idea that neurological differences should be celebrated rather than stigmatised.

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Neurodevelopmental Conditions and Their Implications

Neurodevelopmental conditions such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and learning disabilities are lifelong variations in brain development that affect cognition, behaviour, learning, communication, and social interaction. While these conditions do not inherently predispose individuals to violence or radicalisation, certain traits—such as difficulties in social interaction, rigid thinking, and intense focus on specific interests—can increase vulnerability to exploitation and manipulation (Walter et al., 2020).

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Common neurodevelopmental conditions include:

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·       Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Characterised by challenges in social communication alongside restricted and repetitive behaviours.

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·       Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Marked by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity.

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·       Learning Disabilities: Such as dyslexia and dyscalculia, affecting reading, writing, and mathematical abilities.

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·       Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD): Also known as dyspraxia, affecting motor coordination.

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These conditions often co-occur, and overlapping symptoms can complicate diagnosis and support (Health Education England, 2024).

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Vulnerability to Violence and Radicalisation

Individuals with neurodevelopmental conditions may face increased vulnerability to violence and radicalisation due to several interrelated factors:

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·       Social Isolation: Difficulties in social communication can lead to isolation, making individuals more susceptible to extremist ideologies that offer a sense of belonging.

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·       Cognitive Rigidity: A preference for routines and resistance to change can make individuals more susceptible to indoctrination, as they may struggle to critically evaluate new information.

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·       Sensory Sensitivities: Overwhelm from sensory stimuli can increase stress and anxiety, potentially heightening vulnerability to extremist narratives that promise relief or control.

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·       Lack of Support: Inadequate access to mental health services and support networks can exacerbate feelings of helplessness and frustration, which may be exploited by radicalisers.

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Exposure to extremist content online further increases these risks. It is vital to stress that while these individuals may be at heightened risk, the vast majority are law-abiding and not predisposed to violence.

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The UK’s Prevent programme, designed to pre-empt radicalisation, has faced criticism for potentially unfairly targeting certain groups. A Home Office review revealed that 13% of police counter-terrorism cases involved autistic individuals, contrasting with the general 1% prevalence of autism (cited in Financial Times, 2024). Experts suggest autistic individuals may be more vulnerable to online grooming and radicalisation due to social vulnerabilities and difficulty discerning nefarious intent. The intersection between Prevent and mental health services reveals systemic gaps where neurodiverse children may inadvertently be funnelled into security frameworks.

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Additionally, individuals with ADHD and learning disabilities often experience higher rates of bullying and social exclusion, factors known to contribute to radicalisation (Business Disability Forum, 2024).

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Cases such as that of Rhianan Rudd, whose referral to Prevent led to tragic consequences, highlight the ethical challenges authorities face in balancing security and care for vulnerable youth. Addressing these concerns requires a nuanced approach that recognises the unique needs of neurodiverse individuals while safeguarding public safety.

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Conclusion

Neurodevelopmental conditions do not inherently predispose individuals to violence or radicalisation, but certain associated traits can increase vulnerability. A proactive and inclusive approach recognising neurodiversity is essential to prevent exploitation and promote well-being.

 

Linking Neurodiversity to Broader Security Challenges

Understanding neurodiversity is essential for effective security and policy-making, as it highlights how neurological differences shape vulnerability to violence and radicalisation. Recognising these nuances enables more inclusive, adaptive responses and collaborative frameworks that protect at-risk individuals while enhancing overall resilience. This perspective aligns closely with the article’s emphasis on agility and interoperability, underscoring that effective security systems must be human-centred and responsive to diverse needs.

 

Reference list and further reading:

Neurodiversity: A Conceptual Overview

Singer, J., 2020. Neurodiversity: The Birth of an Idea. [eBook] Available at: https://www.amazon.com/NeuroDiversity-Birth-Idea-Judy-Singer-ebook/dp/B01HY0QTEE

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Neurodevelopmental Conditions and Their Implications

Health Education England, 2024. Neurodevelopmental Conditions: Understanding Autism, ADHD, and Learning Disabilities. [online] Available at: https://www.hee.nhs.uk/our-work/learning-disabilities-and-autism 

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Vulnerability to Violence and Radicalisation

Walter, M., Leonard, M., Miah, M., & Shaw, M., 2020. 'Neurodevelopmental Conditions and Vulnerability to Radicalisation', Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 31(6), pp. 926–949. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14789949.2020.1797278 

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The UK’s Prevent Programme and Neurodiversity

Financial Times, 2024. 'Weaponised Autism and the Extremist Threat Facing Children', Financial Times. [online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/536c0f10-5011-4329-a100-c2035e32e602 

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Intersection of Prevent and Mental Health Services

Amnesty International UK, 2024. 'UK: Government's Prevent Duty 'Fundamentally Incompatible' with Human Rights - Major New Report', Amnesty International UK. [online] Available at: https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/uk-governments-prevent-duty-fundamentally-incompatible-human-rights-major-new-report 

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Case Study: Rhianan Rudd

Financial Times, 2024. 'UK Anti-Terror Scheme Criticised Over Handling of Southport Child Killer', Financial Times. [online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/72ec615c-9b7f-4280-954b-602275c7202