The United Kingdom, like other open democracies, is facing sustained campaigns of hostile digital interference. This timely and cross-disciplinary study examines how foreign states weaponise social platforms to deepen societal fractures, undermine trust, and accelerate pathways to radicalisation. Framing disinformation as both a weapon and a form of reconnaissance, it introduces the novel concept of an “intelligence dividend of disinformation” with direct operational relevance. The analysis concludes with strategic recommendations for deterrence and resilience, offering foresight for policymakers, practitioners, and allies confronting this central front in modern national security.

Misinformation and disinformation are reshaping how people think, feel, and act—often fuelling division and radicalisation. This article unpacks how false and harmful narratives take hold and offers practical, cross-sector strategies for building digital awareness and societal resilience.

This article explores the blurred line between terrorism and non-ideological mass violence in the context of hybrid threats. Using the 2024 Southport attack as a case study, it challenges the assumption that ideology is always the primary driver of extremist violence. Instead, it highlights how psychological vulnerabilities, emotional dislocation, and digital radicalisation can lead to catastrophic acts without clear ideological motives. The piece advocates for a smarter, cross-sector deterrence model—one that integrates community resilience, mental health, and early intervention into national security strategy.